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- "Was Colonial Culture Uniquely American?"
- "There were never, since the creation of the world, two cases exactly
- parallel."
-
- Lord Chesterfield, in a letter to his son, February 22nd, 1748.
- Colonial culture was uniquely American simply because of the unique factors
- associated with the
- development of the colonies. Never before had the conditions that tempered
- the colonists been seen.
- The unique blend of diverse environmental factors and peoples caused the
- development of a variety of
- cultures that were mostly English, part European, and altogether original.
- The unique conditions, both cultural and environmental, of each colony
- produced a unique culture
- for that colony. And while each colony had it's share of groups, the mix of
- people and their cultures in
- each colony was not evenly distributed. In some colonies there was a high
- mix of people, while in
- others one group dominated. These regional differences caused the colonies
- not to develop one unique
- culture, but instead a group of distinctive cultures, each unique, and each
- regional.
- The regional differences and cultures among the colonies can be divided into
- four basic groups.
- These groups each dominated a different region, but they weren't the only
- group in their respective
- region. There were the Puritans of New England, the Quakers of the middle
- colonies, the Anglicans of
- the southern colonies, and the Scots-Irish of the Appalachian backcountry
- (Madaras & Sorelle, 1995).
- The culture of New England was one unique to New England. The northern
- colonies of New
- England were dominated by the Puritans, and settled primarily for religious
- reasons. The environment
- of New England consisted of rocky soil, dense forests, and large numbers of
- fish (Sarcelle, 1965). The
- culture that developed in New England was appropriate to such conditions.
- The soil, being rocky, had to be worked constantly and patiently (Sarcelle,
- 1965). Patience and
- persistence were trademarks of Puritan ethics. The lush forests provided for
- a shipbuilding industry ,
- while the fish provided a source of food (Brinkley, 1995). The New
- Englanders became fishermen,
- farmers, lumbermen, shipbuilders, and traders (Sarcelle, 1965).
- To the south of New England were the middle colonies. There the soil was
- fertile, and the weather
- more acclimated to farming (Sarcelle, 1965). Rivers flowed west toward the
- frontier, enabling
- transportation. The middle colonies, as opposed to the relatively Puritan
- dominated New England,
- were very diverse in people. A mixture of Dutch, German, Swedes, English and
- other smaller groups
- were present in middle colonial cities such as New York (Higginbotham, 1996).
- The culture of the middle colonies was suited for life there and differed
- from New England. The
- good soil and climate produced many farmers (Sarcelle, 1965). The rivers
- were used for trading with
- the Indians (Sarcelle, 1965). The diversity of the people led the middle
- colonies to being the most
- liberal in law and views (Madaras & Sorelle, 1995). Religious groups were
- mainly Quakers, Catholics,
- and Puritans, along with some other groups.
- A little further south were the southern colonies. The soil was fertile,
- but not equal to that of the
- middle colonies (Sarcelle, 1965). The weather permitted both long growing
- seasons and tropical
- diseases (Brinkley, 1995). The people of the southern colonies were the most
- loyal to England during
- the Revolution. The dominant religious group of the South was the Anglican
- establishment.
- The culture of the southern colonies developed accordingly. The people took
- advantage of the
- long growing season and tobacco became the number one crop (Brinkley, 1995).
- Society of the
- southern colonies most closely resembled that of aristocratic England.
- Plantations contained a virtual
- monarchy, each with school, a church, and servants (Brinkley, 1995). Many
- Virginians sent there
- children to be schooled in England (Brinkley, 1995).
- To the west was the frontier and a wholly different set of conditions. The
- environment consisted
- of fertile, well watered soil and the temperature was cool (Sarcelle, 1965).
- The people were diverse, not
- English dominated, but rather a mixture of Europeans. Settlers in the area
- included Germans, Scottish,
- Irish, and English (Sarcelle, 1965). The culture of the middle colonies
- formed from the diversity of it's
- people.
- The people believed in small government, with individual freedoms (Madaras &
- Sorelle, 1995).
- The settlers of the frontier region established their own culture and
- institutions. The Bar-B-Que, quilt
- making, and other American pastimes developed here (Brinkley, 1995). Bacon's
- rebellion was an early
- indicator of the differences between the cultures of the East and West
- (Madaras & Sorelle, 1995).
- Patterns of English culture could be seen in many aspects of colonial
- culture, but with slight
- variations. For example, while the laws and court proceedings of the
- colonies closely resembled the
- English system, the political views of colonists differed from their English
- counterparts on a number of
- points (Brinkley, 1995). The language used in both was English and there
- were many other similarities.
- Even though the colonial culture was like that of England, it was not a copy
- of English culture.
- Likewise, Englishmen weren't the only colonists.
- The culture of the colonies was also influenced by other European cultures.
- After 1680 large
- numbers of immigrants came from Europe (Welling, 1996). Throughout the
- colonies Dutch, Swedes,
- and Germans could be found (Welling, 1996). French Huguenots lived in South
- Carolina and other
- scattered places, as did the Spanish, Italians, and Portuguese (Welling,
- 1996).
- The English ceased to be the chief source of immigration as early as 1680
- (Welling, 1996), although
- they still held a large majority in the population from previous settlers and
- their offspring (Brinkley,
- 1995). Just like the English, when other European settlers brought their
- families and possessions, they
- also brought aspects of their culture. One group, although forced to adopt
- the ways of the New World,
- was still able to keep parts of their own culture and have influence on
- mainstream cultures. That group
- was the African slaves.
- Africans made up a large part of the colonial population. In fact, by the
- time of the Revolution,
- colonists of African descent made up 20% of the overall population ("Colonial
- Williamsburg Home
- Page", 1996). Since the Africans usually brought no possessions, had been
- taken from their families,
- and came from many diverse tribes, Like other cultures of the colonies,
- African culture in general
- developed regionally (Madaras & Sorelle, 1995).
- The cultures of colonial America were unlike any other in the world. In
- no other place could such
- an abundance of varied people, conditions, and customs. The culture and
- views of the people were
- broad, stemming from large cultural groups. The conditions were also highly
- diverse, ranging from
- tropical climates, to snowy mountainous forests. The combined effect of all
- these variables, in both
- environment and people, contributed to the making of not one unique cultural
- group, but a variety of
- them.
-
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
-
-
- Higginbotham, D. (1996) . American Revolution.
- http://www.uwm.edu/People/jpipes/amrevwar.html
- A source of facts about colonial life before and during the Revolution.
-
- No Author given. (1996) . Colonial Williamsburg Home Page.
- http://www.history.org
- Contains facts about life in the southern colonies.
-
- Sarcelle, M. (1965) . Seeds of liberty, The genesis of the American mind.
- Seattle:
- PUBLISHER HERE
- This book contains a number of facts about the different political views
- and
- environmental conditions of each colony.
-
- Welling, G.M. (1996) . From Revolution to Reconstuction and what happened
- afterwards.
- http://grid.let.rug.nl/~welling/usa/revolution.html
- Breaks down conditions of life in the colonies, also compares different
- colonies.
-
- Brinkley, A. (1995) . American History: A survey Vol. 1. CITYHERE:
- McGraw-Hill, Inc.
- Source of information on colonists life in general.
-
- Fischer, D.A. (1995) . Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues
- in American
- history Vol. 1. CITYHERE: Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc.
- Contains information on colonists politcial views and differing cultural
- heritages.
-